The algebraic definition of an absolute value is also pretty straightforward to implement in Python: Python. from math import sqrt def absolute_value(x): return sqrt(pow(x, 2)) First, you import the square root function from the math module and then call it on the given number raised to the power of two.Jan 4, 2017 · This is because now C is a 1D array (C.ndim == 1), and so when iterating over C, each integer element is pulled out and assigned to c. Now in Python, integers are immutable, meaning that in-place updates are not allowed, effectively transforming c += 1 into c = c + 1, where c now refers to a new integer, not coupled to C in any way. Sep 18, 2023 · That evaluates to 1, which is truthy. At that point, Python stops the evaluation because it already knows that the entire expression is truthy. Consequently, Python returns 1 as the value of the expression and never evaluates the remaining operands, f(2) and f(3). You can confirm from the output that the f(2) and f(3) calls don’t occur. 5 days ago · Install Python from python.org, Homebrew, or your Linux package manager. Use Poetry as the most well-maintained tool that provides a dependency resolver and environment management capabilities in a similar fashion as conda does. Python package management# Managing packages is a challenging problem, and, as a result, there are …5 days ago · Install Python from python.org, Homebrew, or your Linux package manager. Use Poetry as the most well-maintained tool that provides a dependency resolver and environment management capabilities in a similar fashion as conda does. Python package management# Managing packages is a challenging problem, and, as a result, there are …Dec 8, 2022 · When you specify a start and end index of 1 and 5, respectively, slicing will select values at index 1, index 2 (1 increment to the previous index), index 3 (1 increment to the previous index) and index 4 (and one increment to the previous index). In this slicing, a step of 1 is used by default. But you can provide a different step. Mar 19, 2024 · Python For Loop with a step size. This code uses a for loop in conjunction with the range () function to generate a sequence of numbers starting from 0, up to (but not including) 10, and with a step size of 2. For each number in the sequence, the loop prints its value using the print () function. The output will show the numbers 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8. The algebraic definition of an absolute value is also pretty straightforward to implement in Python: Python. from math import sqrt def absolute_value(x): return sqrt(pow(x, 2)) First, you import the square root function from the math module and then call it on the given number raised to the power of two.Explanation. The for loop prints the number from 1 to 10 using the range() function here i is a temporary variable that is iterating over numbers from 1 to 10.Mappings. If the primary is a mapping, the expression list must evaluate to an object whose value is one of the keys of the mapping, and the ...Python is a versatile programming language that is widely used for its simplicity and readability. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced developer, mini projects in Python c...1 day ago · Python Identity Operators. Identity operators are used to compare the objects, not if they are equal, but if they are actually the same object, with the same memory … 1. In python and other languages like C, "=" is a assignment operator and is used to assign a value to a variable. Example: a=2 # the value of a is 2. whereas "==" is Comparison operator and is used to check whether 2 expressions give the same value .Equality check returns true if it succeeds and else return false. Example: a=2 b=3 c=2. The syntax for the “not equal” operator is != in the Python programming language. This operator is most often used in the test condition of an “if” or “while” statement. The test c...1 day ago · Definition and Usage. The None keyword is used to define a null value, or no value at all. None is not the same as 0, False, or an empty string. None is a data type of its own (NoneType) and only None can be None.In Python, [::-1] means reversing a string, list, or any iterable with an ordering. For example: hello = "Hello world" nums = [1, 2, 3, 4] print(hello[::-1]) print(nums[::-1]) Output: dlrow olleH. [4, 3, 2, 1] This is the quick answer. See moreMar 17, 2023 · Numpy支持大量的维度数组和矩阵运算，对数组运算提供了大量的数学函数库！Numpy比Python列表更具优势，其中一个优势便是速度。在对大型数组执行操作时，Numpy的速度比Python列表的速度快了好几百。因为Numpy数组本身能节省内存，并且Numpy在执行算术、统计和线性代数运算时采用了优化算法。Python 3.12.1. Release Date: Dec. 8, 2023 This is the first maintenance release of Python 3.12. Python 3.12 is the newest major release of the Python programming language, and it contains many new features and optimizations. 3.12.1 is the latest maintenance release, containing more than 400 bugfixes, build improvements and documentation changes …May 30, 2023 · Speed = Distance / Time. We declared 3 functions to calculate speed, distance, and time. Then passed the positive and negative integer and float point values to them using the Python abs () function. The abs () function will automatically convert the negative values to positive values, which will be used to calculate speed, distance, and …Python 中的 [:-1] 和 [::-1] b = a[i:j:s] # 表示：i,j与上面的一样，但s表示步进，缺省为1. # 所以a[::-1]相当于 a[-1:-len(a)-1:-1]，也就是从最后一个元素到第一个元素复制一遍，即倒序。. 菜鸟教程-笔记详情页面..Are you interested in learning Python but don’t want to spend a fortune on expensive courses? Look no further. In this article, we will introduce you to a fantastic opportunity to ...Sep 18, 2023 · That evaluates to 1, which is truthy. At that point, Python stops the evaluation because it already knows that the entire expression is truthy. Consequently, Python returns 1 as the value of the expression and never evaluates the remaining operands, f(2) and f(3). You can confirm from the output that the f(2) and f(3) calls don’t occur. Dec 7, 2023 · Linux Note: Starting with TensorFlow 2.10, Linux CPU-builds for Aarch64/ARM64 processors are built, maintained, tested and released by a third party: AWS.Installing the tensorflow package on an ARM machine installs AWS's tensorflow-cpu-aws package. They are provided as-is. Tensorflow will use reasonable efforts to maintain the availability and integrity …Jun 26, 2023 · In Python, the “//” operator works as a floor division for integer and float arguments. However, the division operator ‘/’ returns always a float value. Note: The “//” operator is used to return the closest integer value which is less than or equal to a specified expression or value. So from the above code, 5//2 returns 2.Mar 19, 2024 · In Python programming, Operators in general are used to perform operations on values and variables. These are standard symbols used for the purpose of logical and arithmetic operations. In this article, we will look into different types of Python operators. OPERATORS: These are the special symbols. Eg- + , * , /, etc.3 days ago · operator. — Standard operators as functions. ¶. Source code: Lib/operator.py. The operator module exports a set of efficient functions corresponding to the intrinsic operators of Python. For example, operator.add (x, y) is equivalent to the expression x+y. 1 day ago · 4. Using Python on Windows ¶. This document aims to give an overview of Windows-specific behaviour you should know about when using Python on Microsoft Windows. Unlike most Unix systems and services, Windows does not include a system supported installation of Python. To make Python available, the CPython team has compiled Windows installers ...Dec 24, 2020 · a+=1 is a += 1, where += is a single operator meaning the same as a = a + 1. a=+1 is a = + 1, which assigns + 1 to the variable without using the original value of a. It really depends on the type of object that a references. The += is a single operator, an augmented assignment operator, that invokes a=a.__add__ (1), for immutables. Jul 20, 2022 · In this article, we are going to see Underscore (_) in Python. Following are different places where “_” is used in Python: Single Underscore : Single Underscore in Interpreter. Single Underscore after a name. Single Underscore before a name. Single underscore in numeric literals. Double Underscore: 4. Right Triangle Star Pattern In Python * ** *** **** ***** The right triangle star pattern is a star pattern in the shape of a triangle as shown above. It is similar to the left triangle star pattern but you will have to deal with spaces.Dec 11, 2023 · Python Increment Operator (+=) In Python, we can achieve incrementing by using Python ‘+=’ operator. This operator adds the value on the right to the variable on the left and assigns the result to the variable. In this section, we will see how use Increment Operator in Python. We don’t write things like: for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) For ... 3 days ago · operator. — Standard operators as functions. ¶. Source code: Lib/operator.py. The operator module exports a set of efficient functions corresponding to the intrinsic operators of Python. For example, operator.add (x, y) is equivalent to the expression x+y. 1 day ago · Python Identity Operators. Identity operators are used to compare the objects, not if they are equal, but if they are actually the same object, with the same memory …Explanation. The for loop prints the number from 1 to 10 using the range() function here i is a temporary variable that is iterating over numbers from 1 to 10.... Python library modules described in The Python Standard Library. The Glossary is also worth going through. 1. Whetting Your Appetite · 2. Using the Python ...3 days ago · This effectively limits pure Python recursion to what’s safe for the C stack. In 3.11, when CPython detects Python code calling another Python function, it sets up a new frame, and “jumps” to the new code inside the new frame. This avoids calling the C interpreting function altogether.Sep 18, 2023 · That evaluates to 1, which is truthy. At that point, Python stops the evaluation because it already knows that the entire expression is truthy. Consequently, Python returns 1 as the value of the expression and never evaluates the remaining operands, f(2) and f(3). You can confirm from the output that the f(2) and f(3) calls don’t occur. Apr 4, 2023 · In Python, bitwise operators are used to perform bitwise calculations on integers. The integers are first converted into binary and then operations are performed on each bit or corresponding pair of bits, hence the name bitwise operators. The result is then returned in decimal format. Note: Python bitwise operators work only on integers. Unmute.Apr 28, 2020 · Python doesn't convert the values on both sides of == to the same type. 1 == 1 would return True and "1" == "1" would return True, but the string, "1", is not equal to the integer, 1. Because they are not comparable types. If you put a number in quotation marks it becomes a string. This basically means that it is being treated as letter or set ... 1 day ago · csv. writer (csvfile, dialect = 'excel', ** fmtparams) ¶ Return a writer object responsible for converting the user’s data into delimited strings on the given file-like object. csvfile can be any object with a write() method. If csvfile is a file object, it should be opened with newline='' [1].An optional dialect parameter can be given which is used to define a …Aug 16, 2013 · range(x1, x2+1) That is a list in Python 2.x and behaves mostly like a list in Python 3.x. If you are running Python 3 and need a list that you can modify, then use: Aug 18, 2019 ... This is my first video in the series Coding in Python. I will walk you through the book written by Adrienne Tacke and hope to make it easy ...Modern society is built on the use of computers, and programming languages are what make any computer tick. One such language is Python. It’s a high-level, open-source and general-...Dec 14, 2020 · December 1, 2023. The Python += operator lets you add two values together and assign the resultant value to a variable. This operator is often referred to as the addition assignment operator. It is shorter than adding two numbers together and then assigning the resulting value using both a + and an = sign separately. Some python adaptations include a high metabolism, the enlargement of organs during feeding and heat sensitive organs. It’s these heat sensitive organs that allow pythons to identi... 4. Right Triangle Star Pattern In Python * ** *** **** ***** The right triangle star pattern is a star pattern in the shape of a triangle as shown above. It is similar to the left triangle star pattern but you will have to deal with spaces. 3 days ago · 要安装 torchinfo ，你可以使用Python的包管理工具pip。. 打开你的命令行工具（在Windows上可能是CMD或PowerShell，在Mac或Linux上可能是Terminal），. 然后 …Apr 12, 2022 · Well, to write greater than or equal to in Python, you need to use the >= comparison operator. It will return a Boolean value – either True or False. The "greater than or equal to" operator is known as a comparison operator. These operators compare numbers or strings and return a value of either True or False.Apr 13, 2023 ... Python programming possesses various in-built data structures to make the programming faster and more efficient. The list is one of those data ...Dec 11, 2023 · In Python, we can achieve incrementing by using Python ‘+=’ operator. This operator adds the value on the right to the variable on the left and assigns the result to …Python 中的 [:-1] 和 [::-1] b = a[i:j:s] # 表示：i,j与上面的一样，但s表示步进，缺省为1. # 所以a[::-1]相当于 a[-1:-len(a)-1:-1]，也就是从最后一个元素到第一个元素复制一遍，即倒序。. 菜鸟教程-笔记详情页面..Dec 14, 2023 · Here is an example of how the does not equal Python operator works with custom objects. The Python __ne__ () decorator gets called whenever the does not equal Python operator in Python is used. We can override this function to alter the nature of the ‘not equal’ operator. Python3. class Student: def __init__ (self, name): self.student_name ...After defining a list, it's possible to update the individual items in a list. # Defining a list z = [3, 7, 4, 2] # Update the item at index 1 ...Feb 3, 2020 · NumPy 1.0 was released 29 in October 2006, paving the way for the reunified scientific Python community to mature. SciPy matures By the middle to late 2000s, SciPy was starting to mature after a ...Mar 28, 2023 ... Python Programming: String Slicing in Python (Part 1) Topics discussed: 1. String Slicing in Python Programming. 2. String Slicing with the ...x=0 x=x+1 print(x) 1. Even in this method, the id of the variable changes, as you are assigning it with a new value and not simply incrementing. x=0 print(id(x)) x=x+1 print(x) print(id(x)) 140729511223664 1 140729511223696 Using the in-built function operator: One of the many advantages of python is that it comes with many pre-defined functions.5 days ago · Install Python from python.org, Homebrew, or your Linux package manager. Use Poetry as the most well-maintained tool that provides a dependency resolver and environment management capabilities in a similar fashion as conda does. Python package management# Managing packages is a challenging problem, and, as a result, there are …Dec 14, 2023 · Here is an example of how the does not equal Python operator works with custom objects. The Python __ne__ () decorator gets called whenever the does not equal Python operator in Python is used. We can override this function to alter the nature of the ‘not equal’ operator. Python3. class Student: def __init__ (self, name): self.student_name ...Jul 20, 2022 · In this article, we are going to see Underscore (_) in Python. Following are different places where “_” is used in Python: Single Underscore : Single Underscore in Interpreter. Single Underscore after a name. Single Underscore before a name. Single underscore in numeric literals. Double Underscore: Python lists store multiple data together in a single variable. In this tutorial, we will learn about Python lists (creating lists, changing list items, removing items, and other list operations) with the help of examples. Mar 30, 2023 · You can use the double colon ( ::) in Python to slice or extract elements in a collection such as a list or string. In this article, you'll learn the syntax and how to use :: to …Python is a versatile programming language that is widely used for its simplicity and readability. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced developer, mini projects in Python c...1 day ago · Enter Pydantic, a popular data validation and serialization library. Pydantic offers out-of-the-box support for data validation and serialization. Meaning you can: leverage …Aug 16, 2013 · range(x1, x2+1) That is a list in Python 2.x and behaves mostly like a list in Python 3.x. If you are running Python 3 and need a list that you can modify, then use: python -c "import numpy, sys; sys.exit(numpy.test() is False)" Code of Conduct. NumPy is a community-driven open source project developed by a diverse group of contributors. The NumPy leadership has made a strong commitment to creating an open, inclusive, and positive community.Dec 7, 2023 · Linux Note: Starting with TensorFlow 2.10, Linux CPU-builds for Aarch64/ARM64 processors are built, maintained, tested and released by a third party: AWS.Installing the tensorflow package on an ARM machine installs AWS's tensorflow-cpu-aws package. They are provided as-is. Tensorflow will use reasonable efforts to maintain the availability and integrity … For the Python list slicing syntax, list[start:end:step] will get a sliced list with items starting with list[start], but list[end] is excluded. As a result, in your case, L[10:0:-1] will exclude L[0], i.e., 0, and L[10::-1] will work as you expect. When the start or end is a negative number, it means it counts from the end of the list. Python. if index % modulus == 0: print() This code takes the current iteration index and, using the modulo operator, compares it with modulus. If the result equals 0, then it can run interval-specific code. In this case, the function calls print () to add a newline, which starts a new row. However, you need to know that f-strings up to Python 3.11 have a few limitations regarding the expressions that you can embed in curly brackets and a few other details. Fortunately, Python 3.12 lifted those limitations by removing the old f-string parser and providing a new implementation of f-strings based on the PEG parser of Python 3.9. In ...Mar 4, 2024 · Note. The Python and NumPy indexing operators [] and attribute operator . provide quick and easy access to pandas data structures across a wide range of use cases. This makes interactive work intuitive, as there’s little new to learn if you already know how to deal with Python dictionaries and NumPy arrays.Are you an intermediate programmer looking to enhance your skills in Python? Look no further. In today’s fast-paced world, staying ahead of the curve is crucial, and one way to do ...Each new version of Python adds new features to the language. For Python 3.8, the biggest change is the addition of assignment expressions.Specifically, the := operator gives you a new syntax for assigning variables in the middle of expressions. This operator is colloquially known as the walrus operator.. This tutorial is an in-depth introduction to the walrus operator.Dec 7, 2023 · Linux Note: Starting with TensorFlow 2.10, Linux CPU-builds for Aarch64/ARM64 processors are built, maintained, tested and released by a third party: AWS.Installing the tensorflow package on an ARM machine installs AWS's tensorflow-cpu-aws package. They are provided as-is. Tensorflow will use reasonable efforts to maintain the availability and integrity …Jul 3, 2023 · Table of Contents. Python’s Built-in round () Function. How Much Impact Can Rounding Have? Basic but Biased Rounding Strategies. Truncating. Rounding Up. …Why You Should Use Python. Python, named after the British comedy group Monty Python, is a high-level, interpreted, interactive, and object-oriented programming language. Its flexibility allows you to do many things, both big and small.With Python, you can write basic programs and scripts and also to create complex and large-scale enterprise solutions.Dec 6, 2022 ... Python 3.11.1 is the newest major release of the Python programming language, and it contains many new features and optimizations. Major new ...Apr 13, 2023 ... Python programming possesses various in-built data structures to make the programming faster and more efficient. The list is one of those data ...Python is a popular programming language known for its simplicity and versatility. Whether you’re a seasoned developer or just starting out, understanding the basics of Python is e...Python’s eval() allows you to evaluate arbitrary Python expressions from a string-based or compiled-code-based input. This function can be handy when you’re trying to dynamically evaluate Python expressions from any input that comes as a string or a compiled code object.. Although Python’s eval() is an incredibly useful tool, the function has some …1 day ago · where yday = d.toordinal()-date(d.year, 1, 1).toordinal() + 1 is the day number within the current year starting with 1 for January 1st.. date. toordinal ¶ Return the proleptic Gregorian ordinal of the date, where January 1 of year 1 has ordinal 1. For any date object d, date.fromordinal(d.toordinal()) == d.. date. weekday ¶ Return the day of the week as an …Python can evaluate 1+1 just fine, but 1 + 1 is the preferred format because it’s generally easier to read. This rule of thumb applies to all the operators in this section. Subtraction. To subtract two numbers, just put a -operator …May 9, 2023 · Remove an item from a list in Python (clear, pop, remove, del) Convert pandas.DataFrame, Series and list to each other; How to start enumerate() at 1 in Python; Convert a list of strings and a list of numbers to each other in Python; zip() in Python: Get elements from multiple lists; Convert 1D array to 2D array in Python (numpy.ndarray, list) Python Identity Operators. Identity operators are used to compare the objects, not if they are equal, but if they are actually the same object, with the same memory location: Operator. Description. Example. Try it. is. Returns True if both variables are the same object. x is y. 6. Python Special operators. Python language offers some special types of operators like the identity operator and the membership operator. They are described below with examples. Identity operators. In Python, is and is not are used to check if two values are located at the same memory location.May 30, 2023 · Speed = Distance / Time. We declared 3 functions to calculate speed, distance, and time. Then passed the positive and negative integer and float point values to them using the Python abs () function. The abs () function will automatically convert the negative values to positive values, which will be used to calculate speed, distance, and …Jan 7, 2024 · 100天精通Python：从基础到黑科技的奇妙旅程. 简介： 本文将带领您在100天内深入了解Python编程语言，从基础语法到高级应用，再到前沿的黑科技实践，让您在 …Feb 16, 2024 · scikit-learn is a Python module for machine learning built on top of SciPy and is distributed under the 3-Clause BSD license. The project was started in 2007 by David Cournapeau as a Google Summer of Code project, and since then many volunteers have contributed. See the About us page for a list of core contributors.Oct 10, 2023 · Python でのスライス. Python での [ : -1] の重要性. スライスはプログラミング言語での操作であり、オブジェクトのシーケンスまたはオブジェクトや文字列の配列に対して実行できます。. スライスでは、関数とより単純な表記法を使用してデータ構造を ...
However, you need to know that f-strings up to Python 3.11 have a few limitations regarding the expressions that you can embed in curly brackets and a few other details. Fortunately, Python 3.12 lifted those limitations by removing the old f-string parser and providing a new implementation of f-strings based on the PEG parser of Python 3.9. In .... Search generative experience
May 9, 2019 · 深入理解Python中的None. Python中的None是一个经常被用到的知识点，但是很多人对于None的内涵把握的还是不够精确，今天就和我一起好好理解下这个小知识点吧。. 1.None表示空，但它不等于空字符串、空列表，也不等同于False，通过下面的代码进行验证。. 2.在写代码 ... Definite iteration loops are frequently referred to as for loops because for is the keyword that is used to introduce them in nearly all programming languages, including Python. Historically, programming languages have offered a few assorted flavors of for loop. These are briefly described in the following sections. Remove ads. zero of any numeric type: 0 , 0.0 , 0j , Decimal(0) , Fraction(0, 1). empty sequences and collections: '' , () , [] , ...Jun 9, 2020 ... https://neetcode.io/ - A better way to prepare for Coding Interviews LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/navdeep-singh-3aaa14161/ ...Jun 16, 2012 · 32. There's the != (not equal) operator that returns True when two values differ, though be careful with the types because "1" != 1. This will always return True and "1" == 1 will always return False, since the types differ. Python is dynamically, but strongly typed, and other statically typed languages would complain about comparing different ... Nov 7, 2023 · Matplotlib: Visualization with Python. Matplotlib is a comprehensive library for creating static, animated, and interactive visualizations in Python. Matplotlib makes easy things easy and hard things possible. Create publication quality plots . Make interactive figures that can zoom, pan, update. Customize visual style and layout .May 18, 2022 · In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use Python to find prime numbers, either by checking if a single value is a prime number or finding all prime numbers in a range of values.Prime numbers are numbers that have no factors other than 1 and the number itself. Being able to work with prime numbers is a common task in occupations such as …Mar 3, 2022 · Output: x is equal to y. Python first checks if the condition x < y is met. It isn't, so it goes on to the second condition, which in Python, we write as elif, which is short for else if. If the first condition isn't met, check the second condition, and if it’s met, execute the expression. Else, do something else. Mar 19, 2024 · Python For Loop with a step size. This code uses a for loop in conjunction with the range () function to generate a sequence of numbers starting from 0, up to (but not including) 10, and with a step size of 2. For each number in the sequence, the loop prints its value using the print () function. The output will show the numbers 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8.3 days ago · time.asctime([t]) ¶. Convert a tuple or struct_time representing a time as returned by gmtime () or localtime () to a string of the following form: 'Sun Jun 20 23:21:05 1993'. The day field is two characters long and is space padded if the day is a single digit, e.g.: 'Wed Jun 9 04:26:40 1993'.Dec 14, 2021 · For example, in some languages the ^ symbol means exponentiation. You could do that this way, just as one example: class Foo(float): def __xor__(self, other): return self ** other. Then something like this will work, and now, for instances of Foo only, the ^ symbol will mean exponentiation. Jun 26, 2023 · In Python, the “//” operator works as a floor division for integer and float arguments. However, the division operator ‘/’ returns always a float value. Note: The “//” operator is used to return the closest integer value which is less than or equal to a specified expression or value. So from the above code, 5//2 returns 2. Jan 4, 2017 · This is because now C is a 1D array (C.ndim == 1), and so when iterating over C, each integer element is pulled out and assigned to c. Now in Python, integers are immutable, meaning that in-place updates are not allowed, effectively transforming c += 1 into c = c + 1, where c now refers to a new integer, not coupled to C in any way. Python has become one of the most widely used programming languages in the world, and for good reason. It is versatile, easy to learn, and has a vast array of libraries and framewo...Get the characters from position 2 to position 5 (not included):. b = "Hello, World!" ... Note: The first character has index 0. Slice From the Start.14 hours ago · W3Schools offers free online tutorials, references and exercises in all the major languages of the web. Covering popular subjects like HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Python, SQL, Java, and many, many more.5 days ago · Machine Learning in Python Getting Started Release Highlights for 1.4 GitHub. Simple and efficient tools for predictive data analysis; Accessible to everybody, and reusable in various contexts ... February 2024. scikit-learn 1.4.1.post1 is available for download . January 2024. scikit-learn 1.4.0 is available for download . October 2023. ...3 days ago · 3.1.3. Lists¶ Python knows a number of compound data types, used to group together other values. The most versatile is the list, which can be written as a list of comma-separated values (items) between square brackets. Lists might contain items of different types, but usually the items all have the same type. ...Mar 15, 2024 · Classification: Python is a high-level object-oriented scripting language. Usage: Back-end web developers use Python to create web applications, analyze data, …Home. Python. 1 Python: What is in 1 in Python? / Python / By Varun Saharawat. 1 Python represents an integer value. Integers are whole numbers that can be positive, negative, ….